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What Are Biosensors? Types, Working Mechanism, and Applications
Biosensors are analytical devices that detect biological substances — enzymes, DNA, proteins, or cells—and convert them into measurable…
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How E. coli Became a Game-Changer in Insulin Production
Before the 1980s, insulin was extracted from cows and pigs, often causing immune reactions in humans. The advent…
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Alcoholic Fermentation: How Yeast Turns Sugar Into Alcohol
Alcoholic fermentation is a natural biological process where microorganisms, primarily yeast, convert sugars like glucose, fructose, or sucrose…
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A Clear Guide to Transcription in Prokaryotes
Transcription is the first step in gene expression, where DNA instructions are copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, this…
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Transgenic Bacteria: The Foundation of Modern Biotechnology
Transgenic bacteria are genetically engineered microorganisms that carry and express foreign genes. They form the backbone of modern…
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CRISPR Beyond Editing: Gene Regulation, Base Editing, and Next-Gen Therapeutics
CRISPR is no longer just a tool for cutting DNA; it has evolved into a versatile platform for…
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